Analysis of Metals in Cement Kiln Dust
Using the Lithium Fusion Method
Robert J. Schoenberger Ph.D., P.E.
Principal
Imagineering Associates
Post Office Box 620
Uwchland,
Pennsylvania 19480
Charles E. Buchanan, Jr.
President
Roan Laboratories, Inc.
Post Office Box 145
Holly Hill,
SC 29059
ABSTRACT
The analysis of metals using hot plate. microwave and lithium borate fusion digestion has
been investigated for four samples cement kiln dust. Results of analysis show that the standard hot plate digestion yields
the lowest results or recovery of metals. Microwave digestion generally shows a slightly higher recovery of metals, but the
significance of the difference can not be calculated until more samples are analyzed. Because of the presence of silica and
alumina, the fusion method shows significantly higher recovery for chromium, nickel, zinc, potassium, calcium, and iron. The
fusion vaporizes some constituents; lead, sulfur, vanadium and therefore the method is not usable for those constituents.
The impact on cadmium is unclear and more investigation is needed.
INTRODUCTION
The manufacture of Portland and other cements has long been a primary part of the manufacturing
sector in both developed and developing nation states. In the United States the manufacture of cement and the use of cement
in construction have been an integral part of the construction industry. Cement is used widely in industrial, commercial and
infrastructure projects. Operation of the cement manufacturing plants, as well as other heavy industry such as iron and steel,
results in a product which is chemically changed from the raw material input. This change is the result of heating the raw
materials to temperatures which generally exceed 2600 degrees F. To maintain quality control for cement products, the raw
materials are pulverized to very fine but discrete particle sizes and thoroughly mixed in controlled chemical proportions.
The fuel burning to achieve the high temperatures combined with the fine particle size of the raw materials results in the
potential release of particulate matter which is defined as kiln dust. Particulate emission standards are recognized as necessary
by EPA and New Source Performance Standards are given in 40 CFR Part 60, Subpart F1.
In the last two decades two non-air quality regulations and one world wide economic impact
caused a revolution in the methods of operation and cement clinker production.
BIF Metal Requirements
Cement kilns burning hazardous waste fuel must routinely
analyze for metals in several waste products, and these include:
- The fuel prior to its being burned.
- Dust which is wasted from the kiln and before recycle or disposal.
- Draft Mufti-Metals Train catch for regulated metals.
In addition there are specialty testing requirements which may be required on an intermittent
basis. Included in this category are analysis of all metal inputs; raw materials such as slurry, coal or other virgin fuel,
and any specialty additives.
For facilities which must analyze for metals in slurry and coal, the selection of analytical
method could well determine the quantity of metals which are input to the kiln from sources other than the waste fuel. Under
BIF requirements, the analytical methods for determination of metals are found in SW-8466. These method include
Method 3050A, and Method 3051. Method 3050A is commonly called the "Hot Plate" method. The method consist of evaporating the
sample several times with nitric acid until about 30 percent of the original volume remains. The sample is then treated with
hydrogen peroxide, and after effervescence stops the final evaporation cycle is completed with hydrochloric acid. The time
frame is about four ours and constant attention is needed to assure that the material does not evaporate to dryness. Method
3051 is the microwave method and it consists of adding nitric acid to the sample and microwave the sample. The microwave temperature
must reach at least 175 degrees C for at least 5.5 minutes. This method allows 12 samples to be run concurrently, and those
twelve samples cam be completed in about 45 minutes.
Analysis of Problem
The cement manufacturing process is a high temperature activity
which changes the chemical constituents which are present in the final product. Although the kiln dust and slurry have not
been subjected to the high temperature of clinker, some of the components are chemically complex and analysis of the metals
is not always complete or accurate. This problems is especially prevalent in kiln dust where a sizable portion of the dust
has been exposed to the very elevated temperatures at which clinker is formed. The di- and tri-calcium silicates and aluminates
incorporate metals into a matrix from which leaching is difficult or incomplete. A preliminary comparison of the hot plate
and microwave techniques offered the first clue that comparison of the results could yield different quantification. If addition,
a question was raised about whether other methods of analysis could be used to determine the metals in dust and slurry.
A review of candidate techniques identified a fusion method which could be used for dust
or cement clinker. The method is described in correspondence7 and requires that the sample be pulverized so that
it passes a No. 100 sieve, and then the sample is mixed with lithium metaborate and heated to an elevated temperature to form
a fusion. In the evaluation of the method, temperatures of 800 and 950 degrees C were used.
OBJECTIVES
The objective of this investigation was to determine whether metal quantification for kiln
dust was consistent among three methods: hot plate digestion, microwave digestion and lithium borate fusion. Differences between
the methods are to be evaluated.
PROCEDURES
Four cement kiln dust samples were collected from four geographically separate manufacturing
facilities. The samples are from four plants which are burning hazardous waste fuel, and all four kilns are wet process. The
plants arc located in the east and midwest.
All samples were treated in the same manner. First, the samples were placed in a muffle
furnace to determine the Loss on Ignition for each of the four samples. The loss for each of the four samples was: A-14.85%,
B-22.53%, C-21.33% and D-24.16%. While the loss is not directly related to analysis of metals, it is an indicator or degree
of calcining for the dust and for presence of free carbon, most likely from the unburned fuel.
Each sample was digested using four methods: hot plate, microwave, fusion at 800 degrees
C and fusion at 950 degrees C. The filtrate was then analyzed using a Thermal Jarrall Ash, Model 61E, ICP with 24 element
simultaneous analysis.
RESULTS
Tables 1,2,3 and 4 present the results of digestion and analysis or each of the four samples,
and for each of the four treatment systems. Also on each of the tables is a compilation of the results for each treatment
system compared with the hot plate method as the base of comparison.
It can be seen that for all dust samples there arc no data for arsenic, selenium, antimony
and thallium because all data for all four parameters was below the detection limit. TCLP data fur all four samples also showed
that the metal parameters were all below the detection limit except for barium. No failures for TCLP were noted.
Tables 5,6,7 and 8 compare the results of each digestion method for the individual samples
of kiln dust. The results show that there is a significant difference among the various digestion techniques. The hot plate
results have been chosen as the base line for comparison of results and they have been assigned the arbitrary value of 100
in tables 1 to 4. The microwave digestion consistently indicated higher metal concentrations than for the hot plate, but the
difference is only in tile ten to twenty percent range. The fusion method was conducted at two temperatures and radically
differing results were found for the two temperatures.
It can be seen that at the 950 degree C temperature the technique results in the loss of
lead and sulfur. Vanadium and cadmium also appear to volatilize partially at this elevated temperature. On the other hand,
use of the fusion technique results in significant greater quantities of nickel, chromium and beryllium. In the fusion method
silica and aluminate, are solubilized in the digestion, and it is believed that the increased solubilization results in release
of trace metals. This same concept also applies to raw mix or slurry, although to a lesser degree than is found the partially
formed clinker.
REFERENCES
1. Code of Federal Regulations. Protection of the Environment. National Archives
and Records Administration, Volume 40, Part 60, Subpart F; U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
2. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, P.L. 94-580, October 21, 1976.
3. Pollution Prevention Act of 1990.
4. Code of Federal Regulations, Protection of the Environment. National Archives
and records Administration, Volume 40, Part 262, Section 261.4(b)(8).
5. Code of Federal Regulations, Protection of the Environment. National Archives
and Records Administration, Volume 40, Pan 266, Subpart Ii, February 21, 1991.
6. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Publication No. SW-846
7. William G. Hime, Erlin, Hime Associates, December 26, 1972 to Charles E. Buchanan, Penn-Dixie
Cement Company, Nazareth, PA, personal communication.
Table I
Metal Extraction for Plant A Dust
|
|
|
|
Hot Plate |
Micro- wave |
Fusion 950 Deg C |
Fusion 800 Deg C |
|
Hot Plate |
Micro- wave |
Fusion 950 Deg C |
Fusion 800 Deg C |
Detection Limit PPM (Instrumental) |
PPM |
Percent
of Hot Plate |
Ba |
0.0014 |
127.4 |
167.1 |
176.6 |
160.9 |
100.0 |
131.2 |
138.6 |
126.3 |
Be |
0.0003 |
0.4 |
0.4 |
0.9 |
1.6 |
100.0 |
98.4 |
261.5 |
461.1 |
Cd |
0.0067 |
4.3 |
5.1 |
6.4 |
5.0 |
100.0 |
118.5 |
148.9 |
115.7 |
Cr |
0.0084 |
24.8 |
33.1 |
54.2 |
43.1 |
100.0 |
133.3 |
218.4 |
173.8 |
Pb |
0.101 |
175.4 |
198.1 |
60.6 |
192.4 |
100.0 |
112.9 |
34.5 |
109.7 |
Cu |
0.0087 |
32.9 |
372 |
49.5 |
46.5 |
100.0 |
113.1 |
150.6 |
141.4 |
Ni |
0.01 |
16.3 |
16.3 |
48.8 |
45.1 |
100.0 |
100.5 |
300.3 |
277.5 |
Zn |
0.0146 |
107.4 |
128.5 |
182.4 |
171.8 |
100.0 |
119.6 |
169.8 |
160.0 |
S |
0.125 |
38610 |
42270 |
1971 |
39330 |
100.0 |
109.5 |
5.1 |
101.9 |
Mg |
0.0315 |
3080 |
3581 |
3833 |
3080 |
100.0 |
116.3 |
124.4 |
100.0 |
Na |
0.0356 |
7007 |
7797 |
9536 |
7779 |
100.0 |
111.3 |
136.1 |
111.0 |
K |
0.837 |
36380 |
40720 |
48760 |
46030 |
100.0 |
111.9 |
134.0 |
126.5 |
Ca |
0.013 |
253000 |
264000 |
310100 |
318800 |
100.0 |
112.3 |
122.6 |
126.0 |
V |
0.0112 |
32.3 |
37.5 |
53.7 |
12.3 |
100.0 |
116.0 |
166.0 |
38.0 |
Mn |
0.012 |
1016 |
1156 |
1223 |
1188 |
100.0 |
113.8 |
120.4 |
116.9 |
Fe |
0.014 |
10600 |
13510 |
14920 |
13890 |
100.0 |
127.5 |
140.8 |
131.0 |
Co |
0.0064 |
12 |
9 |
11 |
11 |
100.0 |
69.4 |
92.5 |
90.5 |
Si |
0.0517 |
10430 |
283 |
67530 |
60300 |
100.0 |
2.7 |
647.5 |
578.1 |
Al |
0.036 |
11200 |
13170 |
16580 |
16260 |
100.0 |
117.6 |
148.0 |
145.2 |
Table II
Metal Extraction for Plant B Dust
|
|
|
|
Hot Plate |
Micro- wave |
Fusion 950 Deg C |
Fusion 800 Deg C |
|
Hot Plate |
Micro- wave |
Fusion 950 Deg C |
Fusion 800 Deg C |
Detection Limit PPM (Instrumental) |
PPM |
Percent
of Hot Plate |
Ba |
0.0014 |
54.9 |
88.3 |
150.3 |
148.8 |
100.0 |
160.8 |
273.7 |
270.9 |
Be |
0.0003 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
1.0 |
1.6 |
100.0 |
122.7 |
472.7 |
745.5 |
Cd |
0.0067 |
12.5 |
BDL |
BDL |
13.1 |
100.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
104.6 |
Cr |
0.0084 |
10.7 |
15.4 |
37.4 |
36.6 |
100.0 |
143.5 |
349.8 |
312.2 |
Pb |
0.101 |
186.4 |
100.8 |
57.2 |
286.4 |
100.0 |
54.1 |
30.7 |
154.7 |
Cu |
0.0087 |
16.0 |
19.6 |
32.1 |
40.6 |
100.0 |
122.6 |
200.3 |
253.8 |
Ni |
0.01 |
BDL |
2.5 |
16.1 |
136.0 |
BDL |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Zn |
0.0146 |
95.3 |
73.1 |
230.5 |
177.0 |
100.0 |
76.7 |
241.9 |
185.7 |
S |
0.125 |
16610 |
23290 |
1683 |
26580 |
100.0 |
140.2 |
10.1 |
160.0 |
Mg |
0.0315 |
6926 |
2079 |
11460 |
11380 |
100.0 |
30.0 |
165.5 |
164.3 |
Na |
0.0356 |
2485 |
4278 |
5451 |
4591 |
100.0 |
172.2 |
219.4 |
184.3 |
K |
0.837 |
20490 |
21730 |
37540 |
38900 |
100.0 |
106.1 |
183.2 |
189.8 |
Ca |
0.013 |
170500 |
159100 |
262300 |
282400 |
100.0 |
93.3 |
153.8 |
165.6 |
V |
0.0112 |
BDL |
19.0 |
31.1 |
BDL |
BDL |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Mn |
0.012 |
299.2 |
644.3 |
458.7 |
472.9 |
100.0 |
215.3 |
153.3 |
158.1 |
Fe |
0.014 |
6418 |
7661 |
11210 |
10640 |
100.0 |
119.4 |
174.7 |
165.8 |
Co |
0.0064 |
6 |
4 |
8 |
6 |
100.0 |
59.9 |
122.6 |
103.4 |
Si |
0.0517 |
6043 |
151 |
62640 |
59860 |
100.0 |
2.5 |
1036.6 |
990.9 |
Al |
0.036 |
6714 |
7265 |
21960 |
24500 |
100.0 |
108.5 |
327.1 |
384.9 |
Table III
Metal Extraction for Plant C Dust
|
|
|
|
Hot Plate |
Micro- wave |
Fusion 950 Deg C |
Fusion 800 Deg C |
|
Hot Plate |
Micro- wave |
Fusion 950 Deg C |
Fusion 800 Deg C |
Detection Limit PPM (Instrumental) |
PPM |
Percent
of Hot Plate |
Ba |
0.0014 |
129.4 |
139.1 |
201.1 |
201.4 |
100.0 |
107.5 |
155.4 |
155.6 |
Be |
0.0003 |
1.1 |
1.1 |
2.7 |
3.3 |
100.0 |
103.7 |
245.4 |
306.5 |
Cd |
0.0067 |
22.7 |
23.5 |
BDL |
10.9 |
100.0 |
103.3 |
0.0 |
48.1 |
Cr |
0.0084 |
31.4 |
36.0 |
57.3 |
52.8 |
100.0 |
114.6 |
182.5 |
168.0 |
Pb |
0.101 |
2174.0 |
2293.0 |
380.5 |
2362.0 |
100.0 |
105.5 |
17.5 |
108.6 |
Cu |
0.0087 |
91.4 |
95.8 |
95.5 |
98.5 |
100.0 |
104.7 |
104.5 |
107.8 |
Ni |
0.01 |
6 4 |
5.4 |
46.6 |
26.4 |
100.0 |
83.5 |
727.3 |
411.4 |
Zn |
0.0146 |
410.1 |
432.6 |
480.6 |
472.8 |
100.0 |
105.5 |
117.2 |
115.3 |
S |
0.125 |
28550 |
30450 |
264 |
18730 |
100.0 |
106.7 |
1.0 |
65.6 |
Mg |
0.0315 |
3603 |
3816 |
4088 |
3355 |
100.0 |
105.9 |
113.5 |
93.1 |
Na |
0.0356 |
3491 |
3642 |
4443 |
3573 |
100.0 |
104.3 |
127.3 |
1023 |
K |
0.837 |
53250 |
55750 |
53870 |
59880 |
100.0 |
104.7 |
101.2 |
1125 |
Ca |
0.013 |
251200 |
268300 |
281100 |
283700 |
100.0 |
106.8 |
103.9 |
112.9 |
V |
0.0112 |
26.5 |
27.1 |
32.6 |
BDL |
100.0 |
102.4 |
123.0 |
0.0 |
Mn |
0.012 |
46 |
48 |
60 |
67 |
100.0 |
104.8 |
131.1 |
146.0 |
Fe |
0.014 |
7289 |
8604 |
12270 |
11860 |
100.0 |
118.0 |
168.3 |
162.7 |
Co |
0.0064 |
11 |
6 |
13 |
11 |
100.0 |
59.0 |
119.2 |
103.6 |
Si |
0.0517 |
10320 |
174 |
59370 |
57030 |
100.0 |
1.7 |
575.3 |
552.6 |
Al |
0.036 |
8544 |
9061 |
19290 |
19870 |
100.0 |
106.1 |
225.8 |
232.6 |
Table IV
Metal Extraction for Plant D Dust
|
|
|
|
Hot Plate |
Micro- wave |
Fusion 950 Deg C |
Fusion 800 Deg C |
|
Hot Plate |
Micro- wave |
Fusion 950 Deg C |
Fusion 800 Deg C |
Detection Limit PPM (Instrumental) |
PPM |
Percent
of Hot Plate |
Ba |
0.0014 |
85.8 |
124.6 |
161.3 |
151.1 |
100.0 |
145.2 |
168.0 |
176.1 |
Be |
0.0003 |
0.8 |
12 |
2.4 |
3.6 |
100.0 |
142.9 |
300.0 |
422.6 |
Cd |
0.0067 |
2.2 |
4.0 |
2.6 |
3.8 |
100.0 |
180.6 |
1182 |
170.7 |
Cr |
0.0084 |
31.8 |
47.9 |
42.3 |
70.5 |
100.0 |
150.5 |
132.9 |
221.8 |
Pb |
0.101 |
94.4 |
118.1 |
BDL |
128.6 |
100.0 |
125.1 |
0.0 |
136.2 |
Cu |
0.0087 |
242 |
31.9 |
46.2 |
43.8 |
100.0 |
131.7 |
190.6 |
180.8 |
Ni |
0.01 |
7.4 |
10.8 |
29.4 |
34.2 |
100.0 |
146.7 |
399.9 |
464.7 |
Zn |
0.0146 |
235.0 |
313.0 |
361.8 |
367.3 |
100.0 |
133.2 |
154.0 |
156.3 |
S |
0.125 |
8671 |
11880 |
916 |
7261 |
100.0 |
137.0 |
10.6 |
83.7 |
Mg |
0.0315 |
3370 |
4602 |
5088 |
4767 |
100.0 |
136.6 |
151.0 |
141.5 |
Na |
0.0356 |
962 |
1091 |
1504 |
798 |
100.0 |
113.4 |
156.4 |
83.0 |
K |
0.837 |
5264 |
7076 |
9100 |
9142 |
100.0 |
134.4 |
172.9 |
173.7 |
Ca |
0.013 |
211800 |
295900 |
313600 |
332500 |
100.0 |
139.7 |
148.1 |
157.0 |
V |
0.0112 |
42.1 |
57.2 |
72.9 |
65.7 |
100.0 |
136.0 |
173.3 |
156.2 |
Mn |
0.012 |
43 |
58 |
72 |
76 |
100.0 |
134.5 |
166.9 |
176.8 |
Fe |
0.014 |
9135 |
10390 |
18060 |
16920 |
100.0 |
113.7 |
197.7 |
185.2 |
Co |
0.0064 |
8 |
7 |
13 |
17 |
100.0 |
84.4 |
158.2 |
202.1 |
Si |
0.0517 |
2908 |
145 |
77890 |
71190 |
100.0 |
5.0 |
2678.5 |
2448.1 |
Al |
0.036 |
7606 |
10650 |
17940 |
18080 |
100.0 |
140.0 |
235.9 |
237.7 |
Table V
Hot Plate Comparison for Microwave Dust Samples
|
|
Plant A |
Plant B |
Plant C |
Plant D |
|
Average |
|
|
Ba |
131.2 |
160.8 |
107.5 |
145.9 |
136.3 |
Be |
98.4 |
122.7 |
103.7 |
142.9 |
116.9 |
Cd |
118.5 |
0.0 |
103.3 |
180.6 |
100.6 |
Cr |
133.3 |
143.5 |
114.6 |
150.5 |
135.5 |
Pb |
112.9 |
54.1 |
105.5 |
125.1 |
99.4 |
Cu |
113.1 |
122.6 |
104.7 |
131.7 |
118.0 |
Ni |
100.5 |
NA |
83.5 |
146.7 |
82.7 |
Zn |
119.6 |
76.7 |
105.5 |
133.2 |
108.8 |
S |
109.5 |
140.2 |
106.7 |
137.0 |
123.3 |
Mg |
116.3 |
30.0 |
105.9 |
136.6 |
97.2 |
Na |
111.3 |
172.2 |
104.3 |
113.4 |
125.3 |
K |
111.9 |
106.1 |
104.7 |
134.4 |
114.3 |
Ca |
112.3 |
93.3 |
106.8 |
139.7 |
113.0 |
V |
116.0 |
NA |
102.4 |
136.0 |
88.6 |
Mn |
113.8 |
215.3 |
104.8 |
134.5 |
142.1 |
Fe |
127.5 |
119.4 |
118.0 |
113.7 |
119.6 |
Co |
69.4 |
59.9 |
59.0 |
84.4 |
68.2 |
Si |
2.7 |
2.5 |
1.7 |
5.0 |
3.0 |
Al |
117.6 |
108.5 |
106.1 |
140.0 |
118.0 |
Table VI
Hot Plate Comparison for 950 Degree Fusion Dust Samples
|
|
Plant A |
Plant B |
Plant C |
Plant D |
|
Average |
|
|
Ba |
138.6 |
273.7 |
155.4 |
188.0 |
188.9 |
Be |
261.5 |
472.7 |
245.4 |
300.0 |
319.9 |
Cd |
148.9 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
118.2 |
66.8 |
Cr |
218.4 |
349.8 |
182.5 |
132.9 |
220.9 |
Pb |
34.5 |
30.7 |
17.5 |
0.0 |
20.7 |
Cu |
150.6 |
200.3 |
104.5 |
190.6 |
161.5 |
Ni |
300.3 |
0.0 |
727.3 |
399.9 |
356.9 |
Zn |
169.8 |
241.9 |
117.2 |
154.0 |
170.7 |
S |
5.1 |
10.1 |
1.0 |
10.6 |
6.7 |
Mg |
124.4 |
165.5 |
113.5 |
151.0 |
138.6 |
Na |
136.1 |
219.4 |
127.3 |
156.4 |
159.8 |
K |
134.0 |
183.2 |
101.2 |
172.9 |
147.8 |
Ca |
122.6 |
153.8 |
103.9 |
148.1 |
132.1 |
V |
166.0 |
0.0 |
123.0 |
173.3 |
115.6 |
Mn |
120.4 |
153.3 |
131.1 |
166.9 |
142.9 |
Fe |
140.8 |
174.7 |
168.3 |
197.7 |
170.4 |
Co |
92.5 |
122.6 |
119.2 |
158.2 |
123.1 |
Si |
647.5 |
1036.6 |
575.3 |
2678.5 |
1234.4 |
Al |
148.0 |
327.1 |
225.8 |
235.9 |
234.2 |
Table VII
Hot Plate Comparison for 950 Degree C Fusion
|
|
Plant A |
Plant B |
Plant C |
Plant D |
|
Average |
|
|
Ba |
126.3 |
270.9 |
155.6 |
176.1 |
182.2 |
Be |
461.1 |
745.5 |
306.5 |
422.6 |
483.9 |
Cd |
115.7 |
104.6 |
48.1 |
170.7 |
109.8 |
Cr |
173.8 |
342.2 |
168.0 |
221.8 |
226.5 |
Pb |
109.7 |
154.7 |
108.6 |
136.2 |
127.3 |
Cu |
141.4 |
253.8 |
107.8 |
180.8 |
170.9 |
Ni |
277.5 |
0.0 |
411.4 |
464.7 |
313.4 |
Zn |
160.0 |
185.7 |
115.3 |
156.3 |
154.3 |
S |
101.9 |
160.0 |
65.6 |
83.7 |
102.8 |
Mg |
100.0 |
164.3 |
93.1 |
141.5 |
124.7 |
Na |
111.0 |
184.3 |
102.3 |
83.0 |
120.2 |
K |
126.5 |
189.8 |
112.5 |
173.7 |
150.6 |
Ca |
126.0 |
165.6 |
112.9 |
157.0 |
140.4 |
V |
38.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
156.2 |
48.5 |
Mn |
116.9 |
158.1 |
146.0 |
176.8 |
149.4 |
Fe |
131.0 |
165.8 |
162.7 |
185.2 |
161.2 |
Co |
90.5 |
103.4 |
103.6 |
202.1 |
124.9 |
Si |
578.1 |
990.9 |
552.6 |
2448.1 |
1142.4 |
Al |
145.2 |
364.9 |
232.6 |
237.7 |
245.1 |
Table VIII
Particle Size Distribution of four Dust Samples
|
Plant
A |
Plant
B |
Plant
C |
Plant
D |
Percent
Below |
Micron Size |
|
192 |
93.5 |
99.0 |
97.6 |
85.5 |
128 |
90.5 |
98.3 |
95.5 |
82.7 |
96 |
81.4 |
96.3 |
88.9 |
74.3 |
64 |
72.1 |
94.0 |
79.1 |
65.3 |
48 |
68.1 |
91.6 |
73.8 |
60.4 |
32 |
59.6 |
81.6 |
58.8 |
50.4 |
24 |
53.8 |
75.5 |
50.6 |
43.8 |
16 |
51.8 |
64.5 |
47.2 |
40.6 |
12 |
49.8 |
56.1 |
47.2 |
38.9 |
8 |
41.6 |
37.2 |
37.4 |
30.7 |
6 |
28.8 |
21.5 |
23.6 |
19.4 |
4 |
16.5 |
8.1 |
7.1 |
9.1 |
3 |
12.6 |
5.7 |
5.5 |
6.8 |
2 |
12.2 |
5.6 |
5.4 |
6.2 |
1.5 |
8.5 |
5.5 |
5.2 |
5.5 |
1 |
6.7 |
4.4 |
4.9 |
4.4 |
Surface Area |
2916 |
2900 |
4282 |
1844 |
Below 45 microns |
66.5 |
89.8 |
71.0 |
58.5 |
Below 7.5 microns |
38.4 |
33.3 |
34.0 |
27.9 |
Sum of % passing |
747.5 |
845.1 |
727.8 |
624.0 |
Average Diameter |
26.3 |
26.0 |
13.0 |
48.1 |

